MuMuVilakkam

Musukundha Naattu Mulveli Vilakkam
A story of Pattukkottai neighborhood
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"yaTmf UEr yavRmf Ekqirf"
(k]iy[f p>gfK[fb[arf, p<bna{\B 192.)

MCKnft nadfD MqfEvli viqkfkmf

uqfQAb

1. EnbfAby MCKnftrf
2. ;[fAby MCKnftrf
2.1. nakrikpf p<TAmpf epyrf!
2.2. nakrik Urfpfepyrf!
2.3. ekaAl p<rinftarf
2.4. vitAvAy Mdkfki[arf
2.5. ;Aqwrf niAl
2.5.1. pdfdtarikqf
2.5.2. kRvAbpf p<AtKzi
2.5.3. katlf mbnftarf
2.6. ~gfkil maAyyilf ciAbpdfdarf
2.7. vinfAtcf ecylf ecyfvarf
2.8. Ecatidri[f pzgfkrF
2.9. m]pfpnftlf pkbfekaqfAq
2.10. p<Aky<mf KFvazfkfAk
2.11. vybf c]fAd
2.12. uqfqmf uyrvilfAl
2.13. ;[fAbEyarf epaTniAl
3. naAqy MCKnftrf

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1. EnbfAby MCKnftrf¹ kal evqfqpf p]fEdarf Uziyilf wal²ma[idrf uyrfnIticf ecylkmf viriEcazpf prpfpilff kavirikf kiAqnIrf ~]fDetaRmf payfnfT prviy epRmfEprf AvytfTqf³ MCKnfter{mf uzv<tfetaziAl uyirayfkf eka]fEdarf macilf⁴ vazfviA[ uArpfEp[f n]fp, ecvimDtftiDk! kz[iy<d[f wayiAby<mf⁵ etaZetZnftarf MCKnftrf k]fm]iyayf enlfm]iAypf Epabfbi vazfnftarf pKtftbiv<pf pacAbyayf mkfkqf uqfqmf - Etaza Ekqf, vKtftbinfT ;lflbtfAtcf ecmfAm ecyfT MtiEyarf ;AqwRd[f cibaRmiA]nfT m[tfTkfKqf maci[fbi u]fAmy<Artftarf - t[f cMtaymf Em[fAmy<b t[f;[f{yirf :nfT catiy<mf catftirpf pzgfkAty<mf vidfedbinfT tazfvi[fbi MCKnftrf uyrfnfT ni[fbarf kIzf EmlftftdfDcf catiey[fbilfAl - 'lflaemaR tdfFlf pkirfnfT]fD cmtfTvmf ecyftarf vIdfDkfKqf Mdgfkivaz viRmfpi[arilfAl; 'nilmf pkevmfpiy nIqfCrmf Epakipf p<lmfpilf epaRqftrpf p<[fk]fAm u]fEda'⁶, ']f]i vzik]fD tikfekdfDmf ec[fbbinftarf, epaRQmf Ecrftftarf evqiy<YlK `bivA[tfTmf p<Ktfti[arf Urilf - `vbfBqf nlflbiAvpf pdfAdtIdfF uyrftfti[arf EmLmf - tmizf ;lkfkiygfkqf 'qiAm ecyfT prpfpi[arf naQmf - `vf EvagfK p<kzf epRniltftilf evdfFpf EpcfcilfAl vI]fepaZT Epakfkbiyarf; nimfmtieya[fEb UrfpffEpcfcamf vb]fd kRgfklfLmf p>tfttamivrf MybfciyaEl. vrpfp<yrfnftalf nIRyrftlf⁷ ;ybfAky[fEba? ~bfBnIrfEpalf kArkfKqfEq `dgfkini[fB⁸- vIDmf CbfbMmf, URmf, naDmf madfciAm k]fdarf. c]fAdyi[fbi pciyi[fbi `AmtiyaEl p]fAd p<kzfpf epRnilmamf MCKnft naD paRkfKqf naed[fbalf ;Tv[fEba naed[fB p<kEzagfk Eka{d[ff⁹KFy<mf uyrfnftarf - ;[fB kmfp[ilfAl p]fDvazf MCKnftrf p<kZArkfk - ;kf kAt pzgfkAtEy u]rfvayf Etaza!	Each stanza should have only four lines. If lines appear scrambled, try adjusting font or text size from View in Menu Bar.
Kbipfp<kqf: 1. MCKnftrf - p]fAdkf kaltftilf MCKnft[f '[pfpDmf KBnil m[f[[f ;pfepaZTqfq pdfDkfEkadfAdpf EpYRri[f CbfBpfp<bcf cibfB\rfkAq ~dfci ecyfttak vayfvzicf ecyftikqf PBki[fb[. ;mfm[f[[f, ;v[T kalmf, ~dfciMAb, ;v[adfcikfK udfpdfd pKtikqf pbfbi tidfdvdfdma[ viqkfkgfkqf ;lfAl. oR PbfBpfpF, ;v[T ~dfcikfK udfpdfdAv 32 kiramgfkqf '[v<mf ;Av ematftmak MCKnft naD '[ `Azkfkpfpdfd takv<mf, `T EcaznadfF[f pKtiyak ;Rnfttakv<mf etriyvRkibT. ~yi{mf, ~rayfcfciyi[f `FpfpAdyilf "Tmf niYRpikfkpfpdat niAlyilf ;T pbfbi EmLmf viqkfKvtibfkilfAl. tbfEpaT ;pfpKtiyilf MCKnft naD '{mf ecalf Mciri `lflT MCri '[ mRvi vzgfKkibT. Mciri '[febaR cibfB\Rmf pdfDkfEkadfAdyiliRnfT ptfT ki.mI. etaAlvilf uqfqT KbipfpidtftkfkT. ;gfK MCKnfter[ KbipfpidpfpDvT MCKnft nadfD vzivnft `A[vRmavrf. EnbfAby MCKnftrf '[fb tAlpfpilf EnbfAby niAlAy cibiT "bfbikfPbi uyrfv< nvibfciyakv<mf, ;[fAby MCKnftrf tAlpfpilf uqfqAt uqfqvaB Pbi t[fAm nvibfciyakv<mf, naAqy MCKnftrf tAlpfpilf mkfkqi[f m[tftilf mabfbmf, `t[alf "bfpDmf cMtay mabfbmf, ;Av ;r]fDmf Ev]fF p<tiy cMtaymf Ev]fDvtakv<mf `AmkfkpfpdfDqfqT. 'EnbfB', ';[fB' ;r]fDmf Etaz{kfKkf PBvtakv<mf, 'naAq'`A[vRmf o[fBEcrfnfT PBvtakv<mf `AmnfTqfqT. 2. walmf - ulkmf 3. Avymf - ulkmf 4. macilf - maC + ;lf (macilflat) 5. wayiB - priti (YVriy[f) 6. KlmftRmf klfvi eka]rfnfT MFkfKmf `lnft kiAqkqf `zipci tIrfkfKmf nilmf pkevmfpiy nIqfCrmf Epakipf p<lmfpilf epaRqftrpf p<[fk]fAm u]fEda? (vAqyapti) uAr: epaRqa[T uyrfKFpf epRAmAy u]fdakfKmf, klfvicf eclfvtfAtpf pib ;dgfkqiliRnfT eka]rfnfT niAbv<bcf ecyfy<mf, vBAm niAbnft nmf Cbfbtftari[f mikfk pciAypf EpakfKmf. ~tlalf, p>mi piqnfT EpaKmaB evpfpMbfb nI]fd ekaFy paAlv[tfAtkf kdnfT ec[fbavT, Tyrf nIkfKmf eclfvtfAttf EtFtftirdfFkf eka]fD vr Ev]fDmf, pibK T[fpmilfAl. (uAryaciriyrf: cm] ttfTv `biwrf Epraciriyrf !cnftir[f). 7. vrpfp<yrfnftalf nIRyrftlf - vrpfp<yr nIRyRmf nIRyr enlfLyRmf enlfLyrkf KF uyRmf KF uyrkf Eka[f uyrfva[f Eka{yrkf (ecgf)Ekalf uyRmf. 8. ~bfBnIrayf kArkfKqfEq `dgfkini[fB - 'nItikfKtf tAlv]gfK' '{mf tiArpfpdtftilf ';nftpf pcfAckf kiqikfekaR' '[pf plflviy<d[f etadgfKmf padli[f cr]mf. ... ~B kAryilf `dgfki ndnftiFlf kaD vqmf epblamf - ti[mf nlfl enbik]fDpf piqfAq vqrfnftiFlf naDmf nlmf epblamf... (padlaciriyrf p<lAmpfpitft[f). 9. Eka[f - m[f[[f.	.
2. ;[fAby MCKnftrf kaltfti[f EkalmAt yarfta[f `bivarf? - n]fpa, EmLyrfnft MCKnftrf EtyfnfTvIzfnfT, nIrfvIzfcfcitf TqiEpaEl citbikf ekdfD, `biv<mi[fbi u]rfv<mi[fbi ecyliznfT ciB nakrikmf `AdnfEtaem[ pitbfbikf Pbi `AdkakfKmf Ekaziyayfkf KBkitfT\gfki - kbfB]rLmf kDnfetaziLmf nmkfkiAl ']f]mf eka]fdarf. mygfkiEy MdgfkipfEpa[ mkfkqi[f Eprvlmf - Etaza, m[tfAttf tidpfpDtfTkf kAtyayf viqmfp<kiEb[f. *2.1. nakrikpf p<TAmpf epyrf!* P[lf viZnfTpdffd ;qMCKnftrf ciBtft YMAq na]lf kabfbi[f tiAcyilf cayfnfT K[ivAtpfEpalf kbfEbarf mbfEbaerlflamf ev]ftiAryaqrf nAdyilf epbfebDtft piqfAqkfKpf epyriDvarf p<riya vdemaziyilf²⁵ 'sfvpf[a' epyrf Etrfvarf ep]f KzvikfkiDvarf²⁶ 'ecapfp[mf' `Tev[fB cibiTmbiyarf, Kzpfpi Avpfparf. EvbfB\rfpf epyrf cilv<mf My[fB eka]rfvarf - tmizfpf pbfbi[fbi 'Ema[ixa','tiE[xf' '[fparf; epaRqf Ekdfpfpi[f na]itf tAl K[ivarf; kaltftibfEkbfb epyrf ma[iltftilf²⁷ ;Avy[fbi Eveb[f[ nI ecalf '[fparf! vR]f, kir]f vdkfKpf pzAmkqf p<TAmpfepyrayf mabi epRgfAkyayf, _yEka! ;vri[f kZtfAt enrikfkibEt. epyerlflamf p]fpadfF[f ci[f[m[fEba? - namAtpf piAzyi[fbipf prpfp vnft T\Tvr[fEb\? T\Tvrf tvbiAztftlf mdAmy[fEba? - MCKnftrf tvAb pKtftbinfT tiRtf(nf)tatiRtftlf MAbEya? *2.2. nakrik Urfpfepyrf!* 'cwfcaykf ekalfAl' '{mf epaRqftftib[biya mkfkqf 'cwfcyf nk'er[fbigfEk tiritftarf Uri[f epyAr 'mTkfP'er[f{mf YMT\rf 'klfMA['yatlf²⁸ criEya? m]f]ibf cibnft Uramf 'm[f[[fkaD' naAq ';rajar]fy'ma[alf viytftlf cibiTmf Ev]fdamf! 'tiRmAbkaD' ;[fB `bivili navilf cikfki 'Evtar]fy'makikf KAlnftT mbtftlf tKEma? - Etaza, EmAtyrf twfAcAy vIzftfti 'EdwfYV'rakfki[rf, Ekqayf! *2.3. ekaAl p<rinftarf* klfEta[fbi m]fEta[fbakf kalmf etadfD katL]fD tr]iyiEl²⁹ ;vfv<]fAm mbpfparf cIAt ram[f eka]fd katlf kaviymf³⁰ '[fparf ecanft mkqf katbfpF[f tdfFpfpbipfparf - Etaza Ekqf, EmlftftdfDmf kIzftftdfDmf katbfpdfD - EnbfB kalfkdfD³¹ niAl vArkfKmf ec[fB ni[fbarf - MCKnftrf pazfm[mf mygfkikfekdfD `DkfKEma catikfek[fbarf pagfKdE[ KDmfpmf ecyft EmlftdfdaAq - ;RdfDkfKqf ekaAl p<rinftariR]fd m[tftarf - ekakfkritftarf ekqrvem[; MAbtvbi[f ktiyiTEvey[fbarf; ~rfpfpritftarf, ~A]yidfdarf - `gfKcmila ~A[mIEtriy ~rvarpf Epy<maya[arf. Ecaz[[fB ekaAl p<rinfta[f `mfpikaptiAy - ;[fB Ecazmanftrf eka[fB Kvitftarf `mravtikAq m[itrlfl ma{dEm vIzfnftet[fb mnftirtfAt YMtfEtarf `bivetgfEk? kaltfetaD vqrfvetgfEk? p<Zkfkqf p>cfciyatlf ;ybfAky[fEba? - mabayfpf p<lflayftf Etyfnftziy<mf vinfAt ka]fpIrf! p<lflri{mf kIzfAmytayfcf ecylfpl ecyfT p<riyatf tdmbinfT pzivzi viArki[fbaEr. *2.4. vitAvAy Mdkfki[arf* :dbfb ~]fmkA[tf EtrfnfetDtftarf - MCKnftrf :erdfD niAbyaQkfK m]mf ecyfvitftarf - `vAqpf pDKziyi[f vayfpfpdfFlf niBtftiAvtftarf - `vE[a epRgfKFy[f `zitfta[f ecatftA[tfTmf - t[f vazfv<kfKmf cav<kfKmf EvbfBAm etriya[f - KF evbiyilf cav<kfK `Azpfp< viDtfta[f, ;bnfTpdfda[f. epRwfecarfkfkem[fB niA[tft vazfv< mi[f[imAby ptie]dfD niAby<M[fE[ vitAvya[aqf. PbfBkfKpf³² pbiekaDtft ;qmgfAk, tiAcyi[fbikf Pvipf p<lmfpi ni[fbaqf t[ikfkadfFlf - `vqf vitiy[fEba `Tev[fB ecalfliy<mf Avtftarf - epRwf cti ecyfTpf pDKziyilf tqfqiy<mf Avtftarf. m]naqilf vazftfTArtft ubvi[erlflamf pi]tfAtpfEpalf u]rfvbfB kbfciAlya[arf - `vAqkf kalf ecRpfpayf vIdfFbfK evqiEy Avtftarf - ;qmf Akmfep]f]i[f³³ nrmfp<kAq nCkfkiy<mf Avtftarf. kbfk]fD Epa[fbvqf kcnft ep]f]a[aqf³⁴ AkyBniAlyilf³⁵ uyrila vazfv< etadrfnftaqf. p<bfbrvayfpf³⁶ ep]f cdfdmf ncfAckf kkfKmf paZmf udLkfKqf ;qMyiArpf p<AttfT AvkfKmf. ~Amyayf OdfDkfKqf oDkfki Avtftarf³⁷ - ep]fkAq UAmyayf ;bnftziy ~A]yidfDmf Avtftarf. ~}kfK ;vfviziniAl "bfpdfFDEma?- MCKnftrf ep]f}kfKtf t[icf cdfdmf p<A[nfT Avtftarf	.
*2.5. ;Aqwrf niAl* 2.5.1. pdfdtarikqf plfkAlpf epRmfpdfdmf ''mfEm'³⁸epBvarf - '[i{mf KAly<mf KDmfppf epaRqfniAl tiRtftniA[yarf! - ekawfcEma ;vrf Tyrmf? enwfcBnfT viZmf niAlAycf eca[f[alf ~yirmf kAtkQ]fD pdfdmf ekaqf MCKnftrfEmlf. m]pfep]f EtDvarf ulEkarf - MCKnftrf p]pfep]f EtFyAlvarf uleklamf! pdfdtftalf cinftA[yilf uyrfcfciya emvrfkfKmf; mabayfpf pdfdemaRpf p]mfpbikfKmf kRviyamf ;vridtftilf. `pfp{mf KT\klipfpa[f mk[i[f viAlAy ']f]i `tikmf epbfEbaem[fB PviDvaqf mk[i[f tayarf tpfep{mf ekaqfAkAy KDmfpEm Epabfbi vqrfkfKmf. tvbiDmf pdfdmf ;vrf epbi{mf ;zpfpi{mf '[f? ;AqwrfkfK vrtdfciA[ Oertirfkalpf epabfCrgfkmf, ;lfAlEylf ~]fkqf EvBvzi eya[fBgfka]arf! EkadfAdeya[fAb vRmftdfciA[yilf ~kfkidEv Ekvlmayfcf cinftA[kqf vqrfpfparf, UArkf ekDpfparf. 2.5.2. kRvAbpf p<AtKzi ;Aqwrf cilrf kRv<Rvarf m]mf ecyfM[f - `tilf ~]fpiqfAqpf pgfEkbfB OF oqivarf - t[f tay<d[f `vfviAqwrf cti ecyftiDvarf - vqrfkRAvtf tykfkmi[fbi kAltfTmf Avpfparf EvbfB\rilf kRpfApAypf p<AtKziyayfpf pricqipfparf ;qMyirfkfK - pi[f kqgfkmilfAl KDmfpma[mf katfEtaem[fparf - ;tilf pFtfEtarf klflaEtarf EvBpaFlfAl - 'lflamf p]fp<ekdfD nAdpi]mayf vazfAvkf kzitftarf cMtaymf `vfviAqwralf py[AdmaEma? - MCKnftrf cMtay ~[iEvAr `BtfT Avtftarf - mliv<viAlpf p<ti[Mmf³⁹, tiArpfpdMmf, trmilatf EtazAmy<mf vzindtft, EpaKmf tiAcybinfTmf vI]rfkqayf viArki[fbaEr. 2.5.3. katlf mbnftarf 'k]f]i[f kAdpf parfAv katliyrf kadfFvidfdalf m]f]ilf KmrRkfK mamAly<mf Orf kDkamf'⁴⁰ - ;gfEk k]f kAdy<mf nIqvilfAl mamAly<mf nkrvilfAl vi]f evlfLmf ;Aqwerlamf MqfEvlikfKqf cikfK]fdarf vqrf katAl m[tfTkfKqf p>dfF Avtftarf - `[fprff v]fFtf tdtftilf mAznIrayf⁴¹ ;A]y mbnftarf - MCKnftrf ciAbeya[fAb My[fB kdfF, `tilA[vAry<mf p>dfF cikfklbfb ciB cMtaymf ecyfEtaem[fbarf - ;vrf ciAbkfktAv uAdpfpetgfEk? EkadfAdAytf tkrfpfpetgfEk? kAb pFnft uqfqtfAttf etqinIrilff TAvpfpetgfEk? `[fep{mf ttfTvtfAt ~lfEpalf vqrvidfdalf⁴² T[fp<BtfTmf MZcfcIrf⁴³ emTvayfcf cIrzinfT cakaEta? *2.6. ~gfkil maAyyilf ciAbpdfdarf* 'mkatfma kanfti'ey[pf epyriDvarf pqfqikfK - `gfEk 'mv<[fdfEpdfd[f'⁴⁴ pFtft padmf ecalflitftRvarf! tayidtftilf tmizf varftfAtkf kbfKM[fE[ vyTYM[fbilf '"pici' ecalfl Avpfparf - `cfciB kZtftilf 'Ad' CRkfAk madfF Avpfparf, 'xH'vir]fAdkf⁴⁵ kalfvilgfkayfpf p> dfF Avpfparf, ;Avyi[fbi ~gfkilmf kbfB]rftlf kF[em[fparf! - Ev[ibft[lf epagfKmf tmizktftilf prgfkikfKqir]i⁴⁶ MAbEya? - MCKnftrf pKtftbivi[fbi ciBvrf tAlyilAtkf kdfF[arf epaBpfpi[fbi ~gfkiltfAtcf ciBm[tftilf ti]itftarf. takem[fB ka[lfnIAr⁴⁷ `Rnftpf p]itftarf - cI[tftarf tayfemaziyilf kbfByrfvarf, epRnaD ecyfvarf - MCKnftrf emyfybivi[fbi ~gfkilpf pzwfciAbyilf mI]fDmf p<Knftarf Mybfciyi[fbi ta{mfekdfD ciBvAry<mf madfFAvtftarf. ~gfkil magfkilem[fB pitbfBki[fbarf - pqfqiyilf `ArKAbyayf ~ciriyrAtpf p<kdfDki[fbarf - tayfemazi `Ftftqmlflalf ~gfkilmf ciBvAr uyrftftiDmaEma? ~[iEvrzinfT ~bfkaD⁴⁸ niAlepbfbiDEma? - MCKnfteraR YMcfcilf ciBvAr uyrftft niA[tftarf; mabfBtfetR emaziEpci `v]iyilf⁴⁹ 'vrfta{yrfnftarf? 'emlfltf tmizi[icf caKmf - `nft EmbfK emazikqf p<vimiAc EyagfKmf'⁵⁰ - KMBmf ~tftirpf parti ecabfebadrff, - ;vrf `bivi[ibf p<KnftiDmf naeqa[fB vREma? *2.7. vinfAtcf ecylf ecyfvarf* nripf plfAlyt[f ekamfep[fB kZtftil]ivarf - pC nwfCkfekaFAy vIti mrtftiliDvarf - ;t[f kar]mf cibiEt{mf k]fdbiyarf - Mpfpadfd[f prmfpArpf pzkfk em[fEbaTvarf - marFpfparf ectftvIdfFlf t[f{yirf ;zpfpAtpfEpalf - enaFyilf ctftmi[fbi PFymrfnfT UrfkfkAtkf kAtpfparf - pi[f `nftiyZAkey[⁵¹ nIqfcdgfK ecyfvarf - ec[fb uyirftf tiRmfpiDEma evBmf Pcfclf ecyftalf? - ulk niyti etrinftiRnfTmf ekaqfAk mabfbid mBpfparf - 'T niyayem[f bbinfT]Rmf ckftiy<miznftarf - naQmf cdgfKpl etadrfnfT ecyfT kalmf kzitftarf - `At vidfedbinfT EtAvy<qfq ecylfecy mBtftarf. ~DmIT t[fpavmftA[ CmtftiDvarf - pi[f ~]fdv[f EkayililAtpf pliyiDvarf - ~dfF[f tAltA[ cAmtfTpf p<cipfparf CbfbMd[f etaAlnft[ pavem[pf epayfy<MArpfparf - pzgf kaltftilf ma[idAr M[fE[aridfdarf pli - ;kf kalcf cdfdem[fbAt mabfbicf ecyftarf - ciB Ekazi yadfAd vI]ayf evdfFtf ti]fbarf - ;vrf vazfkfAkyilf trmila p<Tpfp<T utfti k]fdarf. kArya[f p<bfbi[ilf ev]fpalf varfpfparf kRmf pamfepa[fbAtcf CAvtftiDmf ;rvilfel[fparf! Urfva[f palfpzmf u]fdkAt - `v]iyilf ;vr[fbi EvByarf ta[binftarf; p<Tkf kAt p<A[nftarf! `Erpiya, cigfkpfp>rf ec[fbiDvarf - eka]fAd Uci, kal]ikqf vagfki vRvarf - t[f piqfAqkf ekaRpf p<tftkmf vagfk mbpfparf; 'KMt'Mmf 'KgfK'mMmivrf `biv< p<kdfDmf epRmf N\bfkqacfC! 2.8. Ecatidri[f pzgfkrF⁵² plfliviZnftT kAdvirlf N[iyiEl - `gfEk p>A[y<mf ndnftT etbfEk ti]fA]yiEl Epr{mf Tmfmi[a[f evqfqi nDniciyilf prikarmf ecyftidEvarf ']f]em[kfK]fD criyayfkf k]itftidyfya EcatidEr catktfAt - '[TyiArkf kirkpf epyrfcfci "Tmf ecyftiDEma `dffdmikfKqf? KRv<kfKmf EkTv<kfKmf "zamidtftREk "Eta pircfcA[Eya? ecalfvIrf EcatidEr '[f[ na[fecyfy? Ecatidrf vAleya[fB pi[f[i Avtftarf - `vrf ecabfpFtf TyrfmI[fkqayivrf cikfkividfdarf. k]kfkiDvarf kalfm]ikfK, kAty<Arpfparf viFy<mfvAr kirkcf ecyl[fbi Eveba[fB]fEda ulkiel[fparf. ecvfvayfkf kirkmf CbfBmf tiAcybiyarf - ~[alf ecvfvayi[f Etacmf vIzfnftT YMtftep]f tAlyiel[fparf! ~Eb MkfkaLd[f `Ary<mf kaLmf Ecrfnft c[inadfda[f ;qgfkAdkf KdfFAypf pqfqiyilf Etbvida et[fparf! YM[fBEvAqpf pdfF[i kidnfetZ - evqfqiyilf EmbfKcf c[ikfK `piEckmf ecyfey[fparf vdEmbfkilf mapfpiqfAqkf kiAdpfpae[[fparf - pi[f, kiAdpfpa[f kizkfki[ilf, ecyfti naAq vnftiDem[fparf K]Mqfq mapfpiqfAq etbfkiliRpfpa[f - ;v[f m]pfep]f EtF et[fEmbfkilf `Alva[f ;v[f 'Ecatid[f ecalflAl `vAq' '[fpa[f `v[f 'Ecatid[f ecalflAl ;vA[' '[fpa[f. ep]fEtDvarf tiAcAy mabfbvilfAl - Ecatidrf m]pfEparf vazfkfAktf tiAcAy mabfbi Avtftarf. ciBP]fF[ilf vaZmf pbAveylamf - va[mqitftiDmf Ctnftirmf `bimaEma? uyrpf pbnftid niA[tftiDEma? p<tiy ma[idrf pibnftidlf Ev]fDmf - pzwf Ecatidrf MktftiAr kizitftidlf Ev]fDmf ;[f[Al viArnftvrf kAqnftidlf Ev]fDmf ;znft CyniAl ud[f epbfbidlf Ev]fDmf.	.
*2.9. m]pfpnftlf pkbfekaqfAq* pnftlFcfeclv< kalfpfp]mf⁵³ EpaTem[fparf - ~[alf t[f piqfAq pFtfTkf kArEcrfnfta[f, EpadfDkfekaD EmLem[fparf! ep]fvIdfda[f ekatitfetZva[f; kalfpfp]mf ekalfEla `[fp<mkqf tKtikfK? p]mayfkf kalfEkaF, URkfKqf ulavid mkizfv<nfT⁵⁴, mapfpiqfAq EvAlkidfd ;lwfctfetaAkkf kalArkfkalf EkaFey[ - t[f mA[kfkdfAd vibfBAvpfpa[f! ep]fE]y<[f vazfEv MtlaemmkfK oRepaRdfEda p]emmkfK, Eprfecalflpf EprA[ epbfebD EpaTem[ MdgfkiDva[f. yarf ecalfliyivrf tiRnft? Ekqf Etaza ;vrvlmf, Kdfdkf Kdfdkf K[ikiba[f MTekLmfpilapf EpAt K[iykf K[iykf KdfDkiba[f YMAqyila EmAt! *2.10. p<Aky<mf KFvazfkfAk* oRmrkf kqfeq[fB EpaAtAytf tAlkfKqfEqbfbi - ta[f `RAmyayfkf kayfcfci vFtft caray ncfAc Epabfbi p<AkyiAlpf p]fdmamf epaFyiA[ YMkfkiElbfbi pIFev]f CRdfDEpa[fb p<AkpfepaRqf vayfkfKYQbfbi YMAqy<mf YMkfKmf vay<mf plpfpl uBpfp<mf Ety naAqy epaZTmf 'Ckmayf'viFnftalf EpaTem[fB vqmayfpf payfnft KRti vbfbiEy vb]fDEpak ;qAm, yakfAk⁵⁵ ;r]fDmf kcgfkiEy AnnfTEpak cAqpfp<d[f emTvayfkf kalmf kzitf(nf)tpi[f vIzfnfT mayfvarf. kAqyayfpf pdrfnft KFy<mf, ;Rqayfcf YVzfnft p<Aky<mf `[f[arf mAbnft pi[f{mf p<ylayf `AlkfkzikfKmf pi[f[iDmf vAlyayf maBmf, `vrf KDmfpmf pritvikfKmf. *2.11. vybf c]fAd* vrpfp<cf c]fAd Epacfca ;lfAl Evlicfc]fAd Epacfca? vyAly<Zt ;r]fD prmfpArpf pgfkaqikqf - Etaza, ecalfltftkatAv ecalflipf pAktftiRpfparf enDnaqayf vliy'Rti[f ekamfpiA[pf Epa[fbtayfkf PrfAm - ;vrf ecalfliLmf u]fdAt `bivayf; mZgfkiy cinftA[ ylflalf Eveb[f[ kar]mf viqkfkiD Etaza - `pf pgfkaqipf piqfAqkqf vqrfnfT 'tiriyayfkf kalmf kzipfparf - pi[f EprRmf tAlkfKEmlf uyrfnfT vrinfT kdfFEy nibfprf! tmy{mf ecatftiA[cf Ecrftftalf tmfpiy<mf KMBva[f uqfEq tgfAky<mf epaRqiA[cf ecyftalf tmy{mf ktBva[f t[iEy! prmfpArcf ecatfet[fbivrfpalf 'tiriAm o[fEbta{]fD - m[pf pkfKvmf '[feba[fAbpf pri]ammf⁵⁶ ;vrfkfkqitftid vilfAl! KRDmf KRDmf KRdfdadfd maF[arigfEk⁵⁷ - MCKnftrf vRdmf pl kdnfTmf cibiTmf tiRnft ']f]arf - "Eta vazfnfEtaem[fB paAtkf k]fDec[fB - Kziyilf vIzfnfTvidfdarf 'Znftid vziy<gf ka]arf. *2.12. uqfqmf uyrvilfAl* mlrf nIdfdmf evqfqtfAt :D ecyfy<mf⁵⁸- epayfya emazipfp<lv[f varftfAtyT epayftfttigfEk. evqfqmf KqtftililfAl mlRmf nIqvilfAl - ;vrf uqfqmf uyrfnftidEv EvebaR vrieyZT vqfQvE[! twfcmfem[fB vREvaArtf tqfqiAvpfparf - ekwfCmf ~ti tiravidrftmf MTekLmfAp enaBkfki Avpfparf - `vrf ciBpiqfAqpf pritvikfKmf ;rkfkmf kadfdarf - epRwf ciripfpaEl u]fAmtA[cf CRkfkiAvpfparf CDm]lf nIrftfTqiyayivri[f enwfcmf pDmIrtfAt mAbtfT AvkfKmf nirnftrmayf. 'parfpfpaA[ _yer[fb kalMmf EpacfEc - evqfAqpf prgfkiAytf TArey[fb kalMmf EpacfEc'⁵⁹, '[kf kviAt kbfparf, pi[f ~titiravidArpf 'pAby'e[[fparf⁶⁰, kFnfTvayfkf PcatAzpfparf; `FAmey[fB m[tftiElbfparf, maD mritftT uriyda EtaAl, p<Atyda vyliel[fparf. pFkfKmf pqfqipfpadtftilf, ecyftinaEqdfFlf, EvbfB\bilf cMtay mabfbem[fB EkdfDtfetqivarf - URkfKqf `mfmabfbmf EtAvEya, MAbEyaev[fparf - ca]ikf KpfApyqfqpf 'pAbcfcif'ey{mf uyiri[mf u]fD KBkiyetaR m[tfTd[vAqkf KpfApyilf Avpfparf - `kf KpfApvazf p<ZviA[pfEpalf `vqi[f vazfkfAk - pavmf KBkipfEpayf viFyLkfkayf ;Rqilf Ety<mf - Etaza Ekqf, u]vi[ilf uAdyi[ilf uyrfnakrikmf eka]fdarf - MCKnftrf u]rfvi[ilf ecyli[ilf kadfDkfKqf vcipfparf. mabivRmf cMtaymf kadfdabaKmf - namf m[nftiRnfti evqfqtfTd[f nInftkf kbfEpamf kadfdabfbilf 'tirf nInftipf piAztfEtaRqEra? kaltfti[f evqfqtfAt `A]yidlaEma? *2.13. ;[fAbEyarfpf epaTniAl* enlfLkfkiAbtft nIrf p<lfLkfKmf epacivAtpfEpalf⁶¹ nlfElarfkf kqitftidfd ;ybfAk vqgfkqfyav<mf - ;[fB kAqEpabf pdrfnfEtarf piFyilf vcmayfcfcikfki - mnftiyi[f Ak mlrfmaAlyayf, nayfepbfb etgfKmayf ~[T. evnftAttf ti[fEpamf viti vnftalf caEvaem[fparf mnfAtEpabf PFni[fbarf endfAd mrgfkqa[arff - mrtftilf p<lfLRvi ey[v<mf vb[fdetaRpf p<bfeb[v<mf - p<bfbilf pamfep[v<mf UArkf klgfkAvkfKmf 'u]fAm'kf KFmkfkqf!	.
Kbipfp<kqf: 25. vdemazi - cmsfkiRtmf (pirakiRtmf, pali, ;nfti, uRT) Epa[fb emazikqf. 26. Kzvi - KznfAt 27. ma[iltftilf - epRniltftilf (ulkilf). 28. klfMA[ - mTAvkf kqfqakfki, kqfAqkf 'klf'lakfki, pi[f PAr 'MA['yakfki[alf, mTkfPrf 'klfMA['yaKmf! cwfcaykf ekalfAl, mTkfPrf, m[f[[fkaD '[fpAv pdfDkfEkadfAdAy `DtfTqfq Urfkqf `lflT Uri[f pKti. Evtar]fymf = Evtmf (mAb) + ~r]fymf (kaD). 29. tr]i - ulkmf 30. cIAtram[f eka]fd katlf kaviymf '[fparf - kaviykf katlf EpabfbpfpDkibT, ~[alf nAdMAb katlf T\bfbpfpDkibT. ;Atpf epRmfp<lv[f parti kIzfvRmf vrikqilf viqaCkiba[f: nadktftilf kaviytftilf katel[fbalf nadfF[rftmf viypfepyfti n[fbamf '[fparf UdktfEt vIdfF{qfEq ki]bfEba rtfEt Uri[iEl katel[fbalf uBM ki[fbarf paAdkdfF `Atkfekalfl vziecyf ki[fbarf pari[iEl katel[f{mf pyiAr mayfkfk YMderlflamf epabaAmyi[alf vitikqf ecyfT MAbtvbi ;deryftikf ekDki[f baEr. (CycriAt, partiyarf) 31. kalfkdfD - tiRm]mf '[fpt[f ekaDnftmizf (ekacfAc) vzkfK. 32. PbfB - kalkf k]kfk[f (kal[f, 'm[f) 33. Akmfep]f - k]vA[ ;znftvqf 34. kbfk]fD Epa[fbvqf kcnft ep]f ~[aqf - `nftim kalmf vnfttFEy! - ApnfetaFEy ;qmfpifFEy! p>gfekaFEy! ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... kbfk]fD Epa[fbep]ff k]vA[ ;znftalf kcnft ep]f ~vT vinfAt ta[f p<vi Emlf! ... (;bnftv[f Embf pzi, partitac[f) 35. AkyB niAlyilf - utviybfb Tyr niAlyilf 36. p<bfbrv< - p<bfbilf vcikfKmf `rvmf (pamfp<) 37. ~Amyayf OdfDkfKqf oDkfki Avtftarf - ~}kfKpf ep]fkqf `FAmkqf '[fB... ~]fkqf ocnfTkf kidfdagfk - ep]fkqf ~AmEpalf ODgfkipf Epa[agfk... (pdfDkfEkadfAd klfya]Cnftrmf, 1959) 38. 'mfEm - tKtiy<qfEqarfkfKpf plfkAlkf kzkmf vzgfKmf ckl kla vlflvrf '[pf epaRqfpDmf 'mf.". (Master of Arts) '{mf MTkAlpf pdfdmf. 39. p<ti[mf - nvI[mf `lflT navlf (novel) '[fbAzkfkpfpDmf uArnAdyilf 'Ztpfpdfd nI]fd kAt. tmizilf uRva[ Mtlf p<<ti[mf, 1879 ~mf ~]fD M[fcIpf Evtnaykmf `vrfkqf 'Ztiy 'pirtap Mtliyarf critftirmf' '[fptaKmf. tmizilf trma[ p<ti[gfkqf pAdtft 'Ztftaqrfkqf "raqmf. na. picfcYMrftfti, EkaAtnayki `mfAmyarf, p<TAmpfpitft[f, ejkcibfpiy[f, ejykanft[f Epa[fEbarf `vbfBqf cilrf. tmizilf Eta[fbiy trma[ p<ti[gfkqak MtfTmI[adfci, kqfv[i[f katli, epa[f[iyi[f eclfv[f, tiyaktf tZmfp<, citftirpfpaAv, `klf viqkfK, pIlivAq, tiRcfcibfbmfplmf, mitila vilasf, `mfma vnftaqf Epa[fbvbfAbkf Kbipfpdlamf. trma[ p<ti[gfkqf N\lkgfkqilf Mdgfkikf kidkfki[fb[. ;vfvaBqfq N\bfkAqtf EtFcf eclflamlf, EpRnfT niAlygfkqilf kiAdkfKmf `lflT tmf vID vnfTEcRmf mliva[ p<ti[gfkqalf epRmfpaElarf YVzpfpdfD vidfd[rf. 40. k]f]i[f kAdpf parfAv katliyrf kadfFvidfdalf m]f]ilf KmrRkfK mamAly<mf Orf kDkamf - (cwfcIvi prfvttfti[f carlf, partitac[f). 41. v]fFtf tdtftilf mAznIrayf - pCmfepa[f '{mf tiArpfpdtftilf vitfyacakri[f ;Acyilf `'``F~tfti enwfcilf pdfdmf kdfFpf pbkfKEta' '[pf plflviy<d[f etadgfKmf padlilf kIzfka}mf cr]tfti[f `FpfpAdyilf 'Ztpfpdfd vri, '...v]fFtf tdtfT pqfqmf patfT vnfT ODmf evqfqmf Epal o[kfK `mwfcv[f nanftaE[...' 42. `[fep{mf ttfTvtfAt ~lfEpalf vqrvidfdalf - ~}kfKmf ep]f}kfKmiAdEy vqRmf trma[ EnctfAt ;vfvri vliy<BtfTkibT. `[fp<kfK `FAmya[ ;Rvrf, tiRm]mf vAr `vfv[fpiA[ 'DtfTcf ec[fB, pi[f vazfnaqf MZvTmf kRtfetaRmitft `pfpiriytfAt epaBpfp<d[f kAdpiFpfparayi[f, `TEv ~lfEpalf vqrfnft `[fep[pfpDmf. mabak, kAtkqilf vRkibEt, tiArpfpdmf p<kdfDkibEt, mbfbvrfkQmf ecyfkibarfkEq '[ mygfki, vnftalf vRkibT ;lfAlEylf EpakdfDmf '[ :DpDvarayi[f, MFvilf :DpDEvarf mdfDmi[fbi, `vrfkqT epbfEbaRmf tAlK[iy<mf niAlEybfpDmf. 43. MZcfcIrf - tiRm]tfti[f EpaT cIrf '[pfpDmf cdgfkilf m]ma[ tmfpti p<TkfKDmfptfAttf etadgfktf EtAvya[ `FpfpAdpf epaRdfkfkAqpf ep]fvIdfdarf `[fpqipfpakfKvT vzkfkmak ;RnftT. kalpfEpakfkilf ;cfcdgfK uRmabi ~]fvIdfdarf ep]fvIdfdaridmf niyaymbfb MAbyilf epRnfetaAk pbikfKmf niAlEybfpdfD vidfdT. tvA]yi[fbi oEr cmytftilf p]mfpbipfptalf 'MZcfcIrf' '[pf epyrf epbfbiRkfklaem[ viykfktf Eta[fBkibT! 44. emq[fdfEpdfd[f - parttfAt `FAm eka]fd ~gfkil `rci[f parttftibfka[ kAdcitf tAlAm ~Q[rf. 45. 'Ad' (tie), 'xH' (shoe) - `lgfkartftibfkakv<mf, KqiriliRnfT kZtfT mbfBmf marfp<pf pKtiAy kapfptbfkakv<mf KqirfnaDkqilf vaZmf ~]fkqf `]iy<mf oRvAkkf kZtft]i. Kqira[ tAryiliRnfT patgfkAqkf kapfptbfka[ kal]i. ;kfkaltftilf 'kbfEba'Rmf, p]mf pAdtfEtaRmf Ad, Ekadf Epa[fb `]ikAq nakrik uAdkqf '[ mygfki citftiAr evyiliLmf `]iki[fb[rf! nkrpf pKtikqilf tiRm] naAqeyadfF nAdepBmf vrEvbfp< '{mf nikzfcfciyilf m]mk[f ;vfv]ikAqtf tritfTkf kadfciyqipfpAtpf prvlak ;[f[aqibf ka]lamf! 46. prgfkiyrff - evqfAqyrf `lflT evqinadfdvrf '[pf epaRqfpDmf. '#pirgfki' (nibmbfbT) '{mf ;nfti varftfAtiyiliRnfT Eta[fbiyT. 47. ka[lfnIrf - T\rtfTpf parfAvkfK evpfpma[ tAryilf nIrf ;RpfpAtpf Epa[fB k]fkQkfKpf p<lpfpDmf maAy. ;At enDwfcaAlkqiLmf, vb]fd nilgfkqiLmf, paAlv[gfkqiLmf ka]lamf. 48. ~bfkaD - uyrfnft mrgfkAqy<Ady kaD. 49. `v]i - ulkmf. 50. eka[fbidlf EpaelaR varftfAt - ;gfK Pbtftkatv[f Pbi[[f k]fGrf! ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... emlfltf tmizi[icf caKmf - `nft EmbfK emazikqf p<vimiAc EyagfKmf '[fbnftpfEpAt uArtfta[f - ~! ;nft vAcey[kf ekyftilaEma? ec[fbiDvIrf 'dfDtf tikfKmf - kAlcf eclfvgfkqf yav<gf eka]rfnftigfK EcrfpfpIrf! (tmizftftayf, partiyarf). 'tmizf ;[icf caKmf' '[fB Pbiyv[f tmizE[a, evqfAqyE[a etriyvilfAl. parti `vfvaB PriyvA[ Pbtftkatv[f '[fB enbfbiyilFtftabf Epalf ecalfliviDkiba[f. 51. `nftiyZAk - MCKnft nadfFlf oRvrf ;bnft naqf Mtlf 16mf naqf kAdcicf cdgfKkqf MFy<mf naqf vAryila[ ;Adpfpdfd kaltftilf ;bnfTpdfd KDmfptftarfkfK ~Btlf `qikfKmf vittftilf maAl Enrgfkqilf ep]fkqf PFyZvrffff. ;kfkaltftilf `nftiyZAk ~Btlf '[fpAt viDtfT T[fptfAt miKtipfpDtfTmf evBmf opfparicf cdgfkaki vidfdT. 52. Ecatidri[f pzgfkrF - Ecatidkfk]ipfp< u]fAmya[et[cf cilRmf py[bfbet[cf cilRmf plvabak p[fe[Dgfkalmak vatiDki[fb[rf. cmIp kaltftilf ;nftiypf plfkAlkfkzk ma[iykf KZ, Ecatid `biviylf '[tf t[itfTAbAy uRvakfk My[fbEpaT plffEvB crfcfAckqf kiqmfpi[. Ecatidmf u]fAmya ;lfAlya '[fB vatiDvAt vid, Ecatidmf mITqfq mkfkqf nmfpikfAk EtAvya ;lfAlya '[fB vivatipfpEt `vciymf. nmf mkfkqidtftilf Ecatidmf mbfBmf `t[f mITqfq nmfpikfAk ;r]fDEm ~zmak EvB\]fbi vidfd[. `TmdfDmlflamlf, oRvRAdy Ecatid nmfpikfAk kalpfEpakfkilf `vAr oR AktiyakEv ~dfeka]fD viDkibT. `vRAdy cinftA[ mbfBmf ecylfpaDkQkfK KtiAryi[f k]f kapfpidpfpDvT Epa[fbAmnfT, 'AtpfparfpfpT 'At viDpfpT '[fpAt Ecatidmf nirf]yikfkibT. Ecatidtftilf `kpfpdfdvrfkqf, naqAdvilf EcatidtfAt vidfD evqiEyb Ev]fDem[fb `va `bfbvrfkqaki viDki[fb[rf. `vfvaB cinftipfpEt tvB '[fb niAlkfKtf tqfqpfpdfD viDki[fb[rf. ;gfK Ecatid[i[f pzgfkrF '[fb tAlpfpilf 'ZtpfpdfFRpfpAv, taE[ `kpfpdfDkf eka]fdvAry<mf, `vfvaba[ YVzfniAlyilf `kpfpdfDkf eka]fdvAr ~qfpvAry<mf pbfbi mdfDEm. 53. kalfpfp]mf - m]pfep]f vIdfdarf mapfpiqfAq KDmfpti[ti[RkfK tiRm] naq[fB `qikfKmf 'pnftlFcfeclv<' '[pfpDmf 25 kaC eclv<tf etaAk. pzgfkal vzkfkmf, '[i{mf ;[fBmf kAdpfpiFkfkpfpdfD vRki[fbT. 54. mkizfv<nfT - karf (Car) 55. yakfAk - udlf 56. pri]ammf - uyri[gfkqf YVzfniAlkqalf unftpfpdfD ~yirkfk]kfka[ ~]fDkqilf pFpfpFyak vqrfcfciy<bfB maBpaD `Adki[fb[ '[fpAt viqkfKmf ttfTvmf. ;At ~gfkil `biwra[ carflsf darfvi[f '[fparf ~rayfcfciyi[f `FpfpAdyilf t[T ';ybfAktf Etrfvi[alf (uyirf);[tf Etabfbmf' (The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859) '{mf N\lilf viqkfkiYy<qfqarf. p<Z, p>cfcikAqpf Epa[fb MTekLmfpila uyiri[gfkQkfKpf pibK MTekLmfp<qfq vilgfki[gfkqf pri]mitfttakv<mf, nIrfvazf vilgfKkQkfKpf pi[f nIrf nilmf ;r]fFLmf vaZmf tvAqyi[gfkQmf, pi[f niltftilf mdfDEm vaZmf UrfnfT eclfLmf uyiri[gfkQmf, pbAvkQmf, pi[f ~D, maD, KrgfK Epa[fb na[fKkalf paL\dfDmf uyi[gfkQmf, pi[f ;r]fD kalfeka]fD ;dmfepyRmf m[it ;[Mmf vqrfcfciy<bfbtak pri]amkf ekaqfAkyi[f YMlmf viqkfkpfpDkibT. 57. KRDmf KRDmf KRdfdadfd maF[arigfEk - KRdfFA[ nIkfKmf KRviA[kf ekaqfqarf KRdfFA[ nIkfkakf KRviA[kf ekaqfvarf KRDmf KRDmf KRdfdadfdmf ~Fkf KRDmf KRDmf KzivIZ maEb (tiRYMlrf 'Ztiy ptftamf tiRMAbya[ tiRmnftirmf) 58. mlrf nIdfdmf evqfqtfAt :D ecyfy<mff - evqfqtf tA[y mlrfnIdfdmf manftrftmf uqfqtf tA[yT uyrfv< (tiRkfKbqf, `rciylf 60: 595) 59. ~DEvaEm pqfQpf paDEvaEm ~[nft Ctnftirmf `AdnfTvidf Edaem[fB ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... parfpfpaA[ _yer[fb kalMmf EpacfEc - evqfAqpf prgfkiAytf TArey[fb kalMmf EpacfEc ... (Ctnftirpf pqfQ, partiyarf). 60. 'pAbyrf','pAbcfci'yrf '{mf cMtaypf pirivi[Ar, `rci[rf mbfBmf cMtaypf epaBpfp<qfEqarf, ~titiravider[fB `Azpfprf. ;pfpirivi[rf pzgfkalnfetadfD mbfbvrfkqalf Mdkfkpfpdfdvrfkqf. klfvi mBkfkpfpdfdtaLmf, epaRqi]fAmyaLmf, tazfnfttakkf kRtpfpdfd etazilf ecyftAmyaLmf ;vrfkAq MdkfKvT mbfbvrfkQkfK 'qitak ;RnftT. ;kfekaDAmkqf ;[fBmf ~gfkagfEk tAlviritftaDki[fb[. '[i{mf, part viDtAlkfKpfpi[f "bfpdfd tidma[ `rciylf cdfdtfti[alf, ~titiravidrilf epRmfpa[fAmyrf tmkfK `qikfkpfpdfd cnftrfpfpgfkAq MAbyakv<mf, epaBpfp<d{mf py[fpDtfti mikEvkmak M[fE[bikf eka]fFRkfki[fb[rf. pl N\ba]fDkqak cnftrfpfpmi[fbi MdkfkpfpdfFRpfpi{mf, kdnft _mfpT ~]fDkqa[ ~titiravidri[f cMtay vqrfcfci, oR `Amtiya[ MAbyilf ndkfKmf cMtaypf p<rdfci '[fEb KbipfpidEv]fDmf. ;gfK 'pAby[f', 'pAbcfci' '[kfKbipfpiDvT, `vrfkqf cMtay niAlAy 'DtfTkf kadfdEvy[fbi, `cfecabfkAqEya, `vrfkqi[f pAzy cMtay niAlAyEya `gfkIkripfptbfkak ;lfAl '[fpAt kRtftilf ekaqfqv<mf. 61. enlfLkfkiAbtft nIrf p<lfLkfKmf epacivAtpfEpalf - enlfLkfK ;AbkfKmfnIrf vayfkfkalf vziEyaFpf p<lfLkfKmf ~gfEk epaciy<mamf - etalfLlkilf nlflarf oRvrf uqErlf `vrfepaRdfD 'lfElarfkfKmf epyfy<mf mAz	.
3. naAqy MCKnftrf ~titiravidArcf cApkf kAzpfEpamf - `vrftmf `[fp<kf KznfAtkAq nmfvIdfFlf NAzpfEpamf - nmf KznfAty<d[f nDvIdfFlf u]vqipfEpamf - enDnaqf vzkfekazinft ;pfepRMAb vqrfpfEpamf⁷⁵ catkMmf pazfcatiy<mf tkrftfetbiEvamf - pKtftayfnfT EcrfnftiA]nfT URyrpf p<Tcfcdfdmf ecyfEvamf. URkfKqf catieya[f eba[fbilfAl '[fEpamf - `T vrlabfbilfpf p<Aty<Y]fd pzgfkAt '[fEpamf. `DpfpFyilf mA[viy<d[f u]fF cAmpfEpamf - pi[f `A[vRmf o[fbmrfnfT pkirfnfT]f}Evamf - ep]f ~biy pzwf EcaB]f}mf MAb mabfBEvamf. `[fby ulk ecyfti `[fEb `biEvamf - `Atcf ci[f[wf ciBvRkfK viqkfkicf ecalfEvamf - `vrf u[f[tcf ecylfecy T\†]fFviDEvamf. MtiEyari[f varftfAtkfK mtipfpqipfEpamf - '[i{mf MAbekdfd ecylfecyi[f 'tirftfT nibfEpamf. 'vitv[f''[fb niAl vzkfkilf;lfAl - `TEpalf vitAv '[fb kAq kAqnfetbiEvamf. mA[vi k]v{bv< MAb Epabfbi vqfrfpfEpamf MAbyilatf etadrfp<kAq evdfFpf p<AtpfEpamf. pi]tfAt 'rikfKmf MAb kbfbbiEvamf - `Atpf piAzyi[fbi ecyfEvarfkfK mtipfpqipfEpamf. vIdfFbfekaR kzipfpidmf ;[fEbyAmpfEpamf EvliEyartftilf `mrfnfetZmf MAbAy ozipfEpamf. URkfKqf epRN\lktfAt `AmtftiDEvamf paRkfKqf EvbilfAl `TEpael[fEpamf. MZcfcIrf vzipfpbiAy `FEyaedazipfEpamf m]pf ep]fvIdfAdcf Cr]fDEvaAr mtiyatiRpfEpamf. PliyaAq `FAmey[fB ndtftiEdamf - `vrftmf vliAmkfKmf uAzpfp<kfKmf mtipfpqipfEpamf. 'Tpfpaytf †T\umf'⁷⁶nIArpf paTkapfEpamf - pRvmAz Etkfk p<T utfti ecyfEvamf; pi[f pkirfnftiDEvamf. EtadfdkfkAl nadfdMd[f `binftiDEvamf - p<tiy ecF ekaFkqf Urilf pl p<KtftiAvpfEpamf vIdfDkfekaR Etadfdmf vr Mybfci ecyfEvamf - Tqfqi viAqyaDwf ciBvAr `tiliA]ycf ecyfEvamf. epriyaer{gf kizv[f⁷⁷ecalfAl mtipfEpamf - 'Cy mriyaAt'y<mf 'pKtftbiv<'mf mI]fDmf kbfEpamf. kbfbbiy nvI[kf Ekayilf⁷⁸pl kdfFAvpfEpamf - pzgf Ekayibf p>Acy<mf yakMmf cibiT KAbtftiDEvamf. v]ikMtbf p<Tkfk]itmf vAr etqiykf kbfEpamf vqrf ciBvRkfkt[f pyA[ y<]rftftiDEvamf. klfL\ripf pdfdema[fB vID eka]rfEvamf klfviyi[f py[fMZTmf ecylakfKEvamf. eka]fFDEvamf ~yfnftayfnfT nlfndfp<⁷⁹; ndfp<kf ekaqfAkAytf TqiEy{mf vidfFd mBpfEpamf. enbfbicf camfpLmf kaviy<mf evqi Evdem[fEpamf n[fe[biy<Yqfq m[ema[fEb EpaTem[fEpamf. ubvi[rf T[fptftilf vadlf ckiEyamf ud[iRnfT Ev]fFyAv ecyfT tREvamf. KdfAd m[vIdfAdcf Ctftmf ecyfEvmf - `tilf endfAd uqfqtfAtpf p<KtftiDEvamf. cgfkmfMtbf p<TkfkviAtvAr kbfbbiEvamf tgfkem{mf tmizfcfCAvAypf pRkiDEvamf - nmf `gfkmtilf tmizbiv<mf oRpf pKtiey[fEpamf - tmiZkfKtf tgfKtAd "TmiAl, ;At ulK]rftfTEvamf - tmizilf EvbfBemazikf klpfpdtfAt EvRd[f cayfpfEpamf kbfEbaRmf EvbfBemazipf piriyrayf viRmfpiEy ~[arf mbfbvRmf valfpiFtfT emaziyibf klkmf ecyftarf; tmizfpf pbfeb{mf ekaqfAkyiA[ Uri[ilf viAtpfEpamf. p<yel[f{mf cmsfkiRtmf payfnft t[f[aqilf - tmiAzpf p<rdfFypi[f p<ZviA[pfEpalff CR]fdT k]fEdamf ~gfkilem{mf ;r]fdamf p<ylf YVzfvAty<]rfEvamf ~rvarmi[fbi `AtMbi yFkfktf T]iEvamf. evqfqmayfpf payfnfTvRmf plf ulkemazikqf - `AvEpalf evbfbicfYVd tmizrfkfKpf p<Tcfckfti yqipfEpamf k[f[itftmizf⁸⁰u]fAmpf epaRqf etqinftiDEvamf kqfvArpfEpalf pibemazicfecalf UDRv ckiEyamf. kalalf ecRkfekaD kRgfk[i ciAtEyamf⁸¹, kiAdtftEta `RAmvazfv<; PbfBkfkiAryavTmf uBti; vazfvEta oRMAb `At vazftftdfDmf tAlMAb, ulAkcf CkipfEpamf, 'nlMb' vazfnfT kadfDEvamf!	.

Kbipfp<kqf:
75. enDnaqf vzkfekazinft ;pfepRMAb vqrfpfEpamf - tmizrf tiravid ;[tfAtcf Ecrfntver[fB ~rayfcfciyaqrf PBki[fb[rf. EmLmf, YMltftiravidpf p]fpadfFlf cati EvBpaDkqf ;lfAl '[v<mf, pi[f[alf vdkfkiliRnfT etbfkilf prviy ;nfT mtmff tmizktftilf niAlepbfbtakv<mf, ;t[f pi[f[Er cati EvBpaDkqf tiravidrf p]fpadfFlf EvYR[fbiyiRkfk Ev]fDem[v<mf vatiDki[fb[rf.
76. Tpfpaytf T\†umf -
TpfparfkfKtf Tpfpay Tpfpakfkitf TpffparfkfKtf
Tpfpay T\†umf mAz           (tiRkfKbqf, payirmf 2:12)
epaRqf:u]fpvrfkQkfK Ev]fFy u]v<pf epaRqfkAq u]fdakfkitf tRvTd[f, u]fpvrfKkf KFnIrf '[f{mf u]vak ;RpfpTmf `mfmAzEyyamf. (uAryaciriyrf: ;lkfkiycf ecmfmlf mTAr ;qgfKmr[arf).
77. epriyaer{gf kizv[f - CymriyaAt ;ykfktfti[f tnfAt :.ev.;ramcami epriyarf.
78. nvI[kf Ekayiel{mf pqfqi - Ctnftir ;nftiyavi[f Mtlf pirtmra[ cvkrflalf EnR klfvikf Pdgfkqf, ~rayfcfci niAlygfkAq nvI[kf Ekayiel[kf Pbi[arf. klfvi nadfF[f cMtay mbfBmf epaRqatar vqrfcfcikfK `FpfpAd '[fptalf `vfvaB Pbi[arf.
79. eka]fFDEvamf ~yfnftayfnfT nlfndfp< -
~yfnftayfnfT ekaqfqata[f Ek]fAm kAdMAb
ta[fcanf Tyrmf tRmf          (tiRkfKbqf, ndfparayftlf 80:792)
epaRqf: plvabfba{mf ~rayaT oRvEraD ndfp<kf ekaqfpvrf, `vfvaB eka]fd ndfp< MFvilf ta[f cavtbfK "Tva[ T[fptftiA[ viAqvikfKmf. (priEmlzkrf uArAytf tZvi 'ZtpfpdfdT).
80. k[f[itftmizf - tmizf tvirfnft tiravid emazikqakiy mAlyaqmf, k[f[dmf, etLgfK epa[fbAv vdemazikf klpfp< mikfkAv. cmsfkiRtcf ecabfkAq `mf emazikqiliRnfT nIkfki[alf, `Av tmT t[itft[fAmAy ;znfT, t[i emazi '[fb niAlyiliRnfT kIzibgfkiviDmf. mabak, tmizilf vdemazikf klpfp<kf KAbv< (`lflT ;lfAl) '[kf ekaqfqlamf. ;kfkar]tftaElEy tmizf k[f[itftmiez[ `AzkfkpfpDkibT.. cmsfkiRtcf ecabfkqf tmiziliRnfT nIkfkpfpdfdaLmf 'kfEkDmf nikza. 'DtfTkfkadfdak, Cpmf (nlmf), Ctftmf (Tpfp<rv<), Rci (CAv), cmacfcarmf (ecyfti), virkfti (pbfbi[fAm) Epa[fb cmsfkiRt vzivnft ecabfkQkfK :da[ tmizfcf ecabfkqf o[fbibfKpf plvak uqfq[!
     tmizilf vnfT vzgfKmf pibemazicf ecabfkQkfKtf tiAccfecabfkqf '[fB epyrf. oRcil tiAccfecabfkqf EtAvAy M[f[idfD tmizilf EcrftfTkf ekaqfqpfpdfdaLmf, epRmfpa[fAmya[Av tmizrf `biyaAmyi[aElEy tmizilf UDRvi[. ;nfniAl pbfbi tmizrfkfK vizipfp<]rfv>dfdtf Eta[fbiyEt ptfeta[fptamf N\bfba]fFlf mAbmAlyFkqf Epa[fb tmizbiwrf M[f[i[fB etadgfkiy 't[itftmizf ;ykfkmf' '[fptaKmf. kIEzy<qfq tiAccfecalf pdfFyAlkf ka]fk.
etLgfK: kcfcitmf, crkfK, etanftrv<, vadAk.
k[f[dmf: `kfkda, (`Tkf)Ekacrmf.
`rapiymf: `clf, `[amtfT, kja[a, kDtaci, Akti, jilfla, maYMlf, vkfkIlf, mramtfT, laykfK, variC.
parcIkmf: `lati, kcfEcri, kmfmi, Kmasfta, Pja, cnfta, cvari, cavi, Cmarf, tsftaEvjf, tyarf, pdfda, pnfEtapsfT, p<karf.
     m]Mripfp< `lflT m]vilkfK '[pf epaRqfpDmf vivakrtfT '{mf tbfEpaT vzkfkiLqfq tiAccfecalf, vivakmf (tiRm]mf) '{mf cmsfkiRtcf ecalfliliRnfTmf rtfT (vilkfK) '{mf `rapiycf ecalfliliRnfTmf Eta[fbi tmizilf epaRqf tRki[fbet[fpT nAkpfpibfKriyT! tmfqrf, EraD, y>sf, klrf Epa[fbAv ~gfkagfEk tmizrf py[fpDtfTmf ~gfkilcf ecabfkqf. ;cfecabfkqf EtAvyi[f `FpfpAdyilf tmizilf Eta[fbiyAv `lfl!
    (cmsfkiRt, etLgfK, k[f[d, `Erpiy, parcIk tiAccfecabfkqf ~tarmf: mElciy ecnftmizf `krati, 1997, MA[vrf ji.pi.lacrsf, ulk ;lkfkiykf kzkmf evqiyID, ec[fA[ 17).
81. kalalfecRkfekaD kRgfk[i ciAtEyamf - viAqv< etrinfTmf vmfpilf :Dpdlf (tvirfpfEpamf) '{mf epaRqilf ;gfK PbpfpdfDqfqT. cItftAl catft[i[f vrikQmf `t[f epaRQmf `bik:
tIviA[ uRtftli[f ecRkfekaD ec[fEb[f
kalalf `nftkf kRgf k[i ciAttfEt[f          (ulk `bvi p<kfk kaAt, catft[arf 'Ztiy m]iEmkAl).
epaRqf: kayc]fFAk '{mf ep]f t[T M[fpibvitf tIviA[pf py[alf viRcfcik[f '{mf M[iv[f u]vibfkak AvtfT vidfDcf ec[fb Orf `riy kRgfk[iAy kalalf ciAttfT viDkibaqf. (;Atkfk]fd M[iv[f kDgfEkapmf eka]fD kayc]fFAk yaA[tf tI '{mf tIrapf epRmfpci Enayf epb capmiDkiba[f).

;nft ;A]ypf pkfktftilf, pdfDkfEkadfAdAy `DtfTqfq Urfkqilf '[fA[cf Cbfbi ~gfkagfEk nikzfnft cmfpvgfkqibf parftftAvkAqy<mf, EkdfdAvkAqy<mf PbiyiRkfki[fEb[f. 'nft oR Kbipfpidfd Uri[Ar, catiyi[Arpf pbfbi 'Ztpfpdfdtlfl. `TEpalf, 'nft oR cMtaytfti[Ary<mf uyrftiEya, tazftftiEya 'Ztpf pdfdTmlfl. ;gfEk PbpfpdfDqfqAv pdfDkfEkadfAd vdfdarpfpKtiyilf mdfDEm nikzfv[ '[fB ekaqfqamlf, MZtf tmizfcf cMtaytftibfKmf uriyet[kf ekaqfqlamf.

MA[vrf vaC ergfknat[i[f ~ElacA[kQkfK n[fbi.

vackrf kRtfTkfkAq vrEvbfkiEb[f - `[fp[f TArcami nvnItmf.

Here, I tried to narrate certain aspects of the social surroundings that I have observed in the countrysides of Pattukkottai (Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu, India). Nevertheless, this narration is not an indication of the unique pan-social conduct of the people of this area. Rather, it may be seen as an issue of the entire Tamil region.

Acknowledgments: Dr. K. Kalyanasundaram, the creator of Mylai Tamil font, which is used in this page, is acknowledged. My special thanks to Dr. Vasu Renganathan, Penn Language Center, University of Pennsylvania for his technical suggestions.

This page is maintained by Duraiswamy Navaneetham (dnavanee@astro.temple.edu) & Anandhi Narayanaswamy (anandhin1@yahoo.com).

This page was created on November 4, 2001.

;vfviA]ypf pkfktftibfK vRAktf tnftAmkfK mikfk n[fbi!

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