I. Emphasize Domestic Dynamics

A. Max Weber's theory of "development"
 

Traditional Society	Modern Society
kinship patriarchy face to face relations ascription (birth) who you know tradition religion, superstition agriculture rural high birth and death rates	citizenship participation institutions law and bureaucracy achievement (what you do) what you know, education science, rationality,  secular industry urban low birth and death rates (after growth)

B. vehicles for transition

• charismatic leader
• patrimonial system (patron client)
• sultanistic systems

    Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture, 1962
    Lawrence Harrison and Samuel Huntington, Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, Basic Books, 1990.
    Lucian Pye on Asia
 

• Western Culture - Aristotle

Idea of broad participation
Importance of Law: Hamurabi, Roman, Church, English common law
 
• Hydraulic Theory, dictatorship to regulate river flooding -- China, Egypt, Euphrates

Oriental Despotism (Marx, Wittfogel)
 
• Religions:
• Protestantism (and the rise of capitalism - Max Weber), literacy, democracy
• Catholicism, hierarchy, more recently liberation theology
• Confucianism, hierarchy, patriarchy, personal connections, not law.
• Buddhism, Hinduism,
• Islam, theocracy, religious control over state, non democratic

Social networks, social capital (Robert Putnam's several books)

D. Is transition fast and easy?

    Leading to peace, harmony, economic growth, democracy?

1950's development theory anticipated easy transition, involving education, migration, urbanization, industrialization, cultural melting pot, scientific secular culture, political organization (parties, unions), economic growth, equity, democracy

         Social conflict triggered, civil war, military coups, dictatorship

Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, 1969
        Political Decay:  Stability = f  ( political organization / social mobilization )

1. Asia- old, stable civilizations, dense population
2. Africa- culturally diverse, tribes, religions, sparse population
3. Latin America- Iberian conquest, mix with indigenous peoples
4. Very rich (oil exporters), Very poor (4th world)

A. Post Colonial: Third World regions shaped by colonialism

1. Who were the colonizers?
England, France, Holland, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Japan, United States

2. Who was colonized?
        Latin America: All countries
        Africa: All countries except Ethiopia
        Asia:  All countries except Thailand, Japan, China (affected)
        Mid East: All countries colonized or influenced except Turkey

3. Impact of colonial rule:

a. boundaries, inclusion and division of cultural groups.

b. demography: nature of mix between indigenous peoples and Europeans

c. culture: language, religion, culture of modernization, science secularism
    emulate colonizers,
    Psychology: cultural self hate linked to victimization of colonialism,
        violence as a way to recover self confidence (Franz Fanon)

d. colonial government, detached from traditional political and social order, linked to colonial culture:

Political culture of rulers: conquest, exploit repress, tax, build infrastructure, prevent autonomous political organization.

Political culture of ruled: subject culture, withdraw, resist (on top of traditional subject culture)

e. economy:

urbanization, transportation infrastructure
    export primary materials
            Ag: coffee, tea, cocoa, edible oils, fibers, rubber,
            Minerals: metal ores, diamonds, petroleum
    import manufactured goods
            Transport vehicles, power generation, machinery

f. global influences:
    health (improved public health, population growth, new diseases)
    mass media (films, music, clothing)

        1. Third world countries (periphery) are dependent on rich countries (center) for:

    loans (debt trap)
    technology
    military support
    markets (terms of trade)
    culture, film, TV
    political military support

        2. Peripheral countries are exploited to benefit the rich
            -the development of underdevelopment

        3. To get loans, IMF and World Bank  require "Structural Adjustments" as a condition for a loans
            a. Content

            devalue currency
            expand exports
             reduce subsidies for food, fuel, health programs
            cut wages
            reduce government control of economy
                cut gov't ownership, licenses, etc.
            privatize the economy
            reduce corruption
            democratic elections to make government more responsible

            b. results of structural adjustment?
                World Bank web site has lots of discussion, no clear conclusion
                      http://www.worldbank.org/research/growth/

        4. Note:

            The East Asian strategy utilizes international market place
                develops exports, obtains capital investment and technology
                develops indigenous human resources, education
                strong, autonomous government
 

A.  Individual rational action easily leads to social irrationality
        tragedy of the commons - lack of social control leads to loss for all
        prisoners dilemma - lack of communication means both go to jail longer
        free riders and suckers -- "the collective action problem"

B.  Solution:  development of institutions that permit
        communication, agreement,
        sanctions
        reciprocity
        long-term, future oriented perspective (maximize over long term)
        supporting culture
 

IV.  Ecological Limits

 Is western-like economic development impossible for many third world countries?

Constraints:     energy, water, farm land, pollution

How will people react to long-term economic deterioration?
    conflict?
    re-emphasize religious values?
    more international migration