Clinton Doctrine:  State sovereignty is limited to protect universal humanitarian goals and human rights.  prevent:

• crimes against humanity
• ethnic cleansing   darfur crisis deepens
• mass rape
• genocide

• regional
• ASEAN -- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• SADC -- South African development Community
• Mercosur -- South American common market
• OAS -- Organization of American States
• OAU -- Organization of African Unity -- now the African Union

• Basic principles
• All countries are members
• Collective security -- all protect everyone
• collective security military actions: Korea, 1950; Kuwait, 1991
• economic sanctions: Southern Rhodesia, 1965,  also: Iraq, Yugoslavia, Libya, Haiti, Liberia, Rwanda, Somalia, Angola, Sudan, Sierra leonne
• arms embargo: South Africa 1977
• Peace keeping -- Yugoslavia, Somalia, Cambodia, El Salvador, E. Timor
• UN Webpage on peacekeeping missions (an enormous amount of information)
• list of 60 peacekeeping missions (1948-2005), 15 presently at work
• Darfur: international responses very weak  June 2008 editorial
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 text
• Structure
• General Assembly (all countries)
• Secretary-General (2 5yr terms)
• Security Council  5 permanent members with veto, 10 temporary
• Criminal Tribunals
• Nuremberg, Tokyo
• Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Cambodia, East Timor

AMNESTY PLUS TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION  COMMISSIONS   (revealling is healing):

             Chile (1990), El Salvador, Chad, Haiti, Guatemla (?)
   South Africa (1995), Equador, Nigeria, Peru,
   Sierra Leone, South Korea, Uruguay, Timor--Leste, Mexico (?)
   Ghana (2002), Panama, Congo, Liberia, Morocco

             Ethiopia, 2006, Former Pres. Mengistu convicted of genocide
            Argentina, 2008
 

WAR CRIMES TRIAL  -UN's International Criminal Tribunal (ICTY)

(only after a person is no longer head of state)

SPECIAL COURTS:

Afghanistan

Cambodia

• slow process, July 2006 - slow, procedural delays, Jan 2007 - controversies, June 2008
• trial planned-Feb 2009


Chad

• African Union proposes that Hissène Habré (Chad dictator, 1982-90) should be tried in an African court in Senegal (July, 2006)  link


Iraq - Sadam Hussein

• In-country trial, all Iraqi jurors.
• Sadam finally executed, in a way that seemed to
• weaken international law  1
• reinforce sunni-shiite tensions  2

 
Rwanda  (slow, costly)
• Trial site: Arusha, Tanzania, trial started 2002
• Rwandan miliatary commander convicted, Dec. 2008

Sierra Leone (established 2002) - Liberia - Charles Taylor 1 -

• Sierra Leonne asks International Criminal Court to create Special Court for Sierra Leonne
• Court will use Sierra Leonne rules
• Special Court asks Dutch Gov't for permission to have jail space and court
• Dutch want UN Security Council Resolution authorizing this procedure (March 2006)
• Delays, expenses go up, loss of momentum reported August 2007


Timor-Leste

Yugoslavia (est 1993) - Slobodan Milosevich (slow, costly)

• Trial at The Hague (ended before completion when defendant died)

 

 PERMANENT COURT

International Criminal Court (ICC) first permanent war-crimes tribunal (The Hague)
   Jurisdiction:
        a. can proceed only if a country is unwilling or unable to act on its own.
        b. applies only to people whose country has ratified it or in countries that have ratified it.
        c. exception: Security council can refer matter to ICC
 

• Kosovo - 1999 Serbian attack on Kosovo --  International Criminal Court in Paris convict and sentence 5 Serbian former officials to jail 15-22 years

(Feb 26, 2009
 
• First trial, Nov. 2006 -- Congo warlord with children soldiers 1 | 2-may be dismissed |
• ICC first trial, Jan 2009: re: Congo
• Indictment against Joseph Koney and 4 others Lord's Resistance Army (N Uganda)

Lord's Resistance Army (Uganda), Joseph Kony -- amnesty or face charges of crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court in The Hague Sept 15-06  | procedural negotiation Feb08
 

 
• Researching Darfur, Ivory Coast, other areas of violence

Sudan
• ICC indicted President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, may issue arrest warrant, 2009 for genocide in Darfur.
            Desmond Tutu comment, March 3, 2009
 

RESEARCH STAGE:

 
Lebanon (assassination of Rafik Hariri)

International Non governmental Organizations

private, transnational

• e.g.: churches, Habit for Humanity, Red Cross, Planned Parenthood, Greenpeace, Oxfam, Amnesty International, Catholic Relief Services, Lutheran World Relief, Bread for the World, Save the Children, Goodwill Industries.

Note the alternative view: Countries should not intervene in the internal affairs of other countries
    eg: China's foreign aid to countries ignores internal affairs Angola
 

Ch. 18: Global Challenges and Responses

• environment
• Refugees, migrants
• global research on migration   |  http://migrationinformation.org
• sudanese refugees in Cairo, 2005
• south asian migration to Europe, 2007  |
• Africans boating to Spain, Italy
• stateless people
• Health care, Disease      international health issues
• Weapons Proliferation

• U.S. State Department Human Rights Website
• Attaching ethical standards to third world work places