A. Who were the colonizers?
     England, France, Holland, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Japan, United States

     B. Who was colonized?
             Latin America: All countries
             Africa: All countries except Ethiopia
             Asia:  All countries except Thailand, Japan, China (affected)
             Mid East: All countries colonized or influenced except Turkey

     C. Impact of colonial rule:

          1. boundaries, inclusion and division of cultural groups.
                    Africa: Berlin Conference 1885
                 Africa map 1913 | World Map 1948
                    Afghanistan Pakistan  Durand Line/Treaty, 1893
                    How many Somalia/Somalilands?

          2. demography: nature of mix between indigenous peoples and Europeans

Map showing degree of ethnic heterogeneity in various countries

          4. colonial government, detached from traditional political and social order, linked to colonial
          culture:

               Political culture of rulers: conquest, exploit,  repress, tax, build infrastructure,
               prevent autonomous political organization.

               Political culture of ruled: subject culture, withdraw, resist
                         traditional "subject" culture (not "participant").

          5. economy:

              urbanization, transportation infrastructure
              export primary materials
                      gold -- from Latin America. Spanish treasure fleet
                                        Much gold lost in shipwrecks links | Florida - 2 | Key West
                      Ag:   beverages:  coffee, tea, cocoa
                               edible oils: peanuts, palm
                               fibers: cotton, jute, sisal, kenef, manila
                               spices: sugar, other spices
                               rubber
                      Minerals: metal ores, diamonds, petroleum
              import manufactured goods
                      Transport vehicles, power generation, machinery

          6. global influences: health (population growth), mass media (films, music, clothing)

     D. Variations

          1. Asia- old, stable civilizations, dense population

          2. Africa-culturally diverse, tribes, religions,
                    relatively sparse population but growing rapidly
                    major populous countries: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt

          3. Latin America-Iberian conquest, mix with indigenous peoples

• Náhuatl is the Aztec language in Mexico
• Aymara language is widespread in Bolivia, Peru
• Quechua language (1 - 2)  is widespread
• 70 indigenous languages in Central America

     E. Contemporary Dependency

             Third world countries (periphery) are dependent on the rich countries (core) for:

          loans (debt trap)
          technology
          military support
          markets (terms of trade)
          culture

             End up being exploited, the development of underdevelopment.

          Powerful rich countries intervene in domestic politics to prop up pliant regimes and to
          overthrow "challenger regimes" (Arbenz, Allende, etc.)
 

     F. Note this important and challenging exception:

          The East Asian strategy utilizes international market place
          develops exports, obtains capital investment and technology
          develops indigenous human resources, and develops quite well!
 
 

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